HAZOP and LOPA (Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) & Layer of Protect Analysis (LOPA)
- A hazard and risk analysis shall be carried out on the process and its associated equipment. It shall result in:
- A description of each identified hazardous event and the factors that contribute to it (including human errors);
- A description of the consequences and likelihood of the event;
- Consideration of conditions such as normal operations, start up, shutdown, Maintenance, upsets, ESD the determination of requirements for additional risk reduction necessary to achieve the required safety;
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- A description of the measures taken to reduce or remove hazards and risk;
- A description of the assumptions made during the analysis of the risks including probable demand rates and equipment failure rates and any credit taken for operational constraints or human intervention;
- Allocation of the safety functions to layers of protection taking into account the impact of common cause failures between safety layers
- Identification of those safety functions applied as SIFs
